超声波探伤仪——高山里的钢轨“按摩师”

初春的武夷山麓，云雾缭绕，寒风冷冽，气温始终保持在零摄氏度以下，几个穿着橙色工作服的铁路工人推着近百斤的超声波探伤仪给钢轨做检查，成为点缀满山翠绿的一抹亮色，他们就是南昌局集团公司南平工务段武夷山探伤工区的探伤工。

峰福铁路穿梭于武夷山脉，桥隧占比达70%，其铁路线都在半山腰。列车飞驰而过，车轮下的钢轨承受着千吨重压。“钢轨探伤工”就如同“排头兵”，利用超声波仪器检测发现藏在钢轨内部以毫米为单位的细小病害，排查钢轨隐患，及时分析数据，为整治提供第一手资料。

工区共有18人，其中35岁以下青年12人，占工区人数的三分之二。党员工长罗建闽就是这群年轻人的“领头雁”，从事探伤工种23年，他行走的总里程达4万公里，相当于绕地球赤道徒步走了一圈，从未出现过一次漏检。

当天的作业，工区兵分两组对13公里的钢轨和道岔分别进行探伤作业。探伤作业讲究“慢走细探”，推行速度严格要求在每小时2公里以内，速度过快容易出现漏检。

夏天烈日当头，冬天寒风刺骨，高山里的风无孔不入，钻进他们裤脚、脖子，但即使这样暴走七公里后他们都是满身大汗。

每天作业前，工人们都会提着20斤重的水加进仪器里，作为探伤仪的“耦合剂”。遇到长距离作业时，工人还要派人到山里寻找水源，时间长了，山里的水源点都被他们摸得一清二楚。

“滴…”钢轨探伤仪发出了警报，罗建闽立刻警觉起来，紧盯着钢轨车显示屏上的波形图，从随身的工具包拿出一把检查锤，伏低身子，耳贴钢轨，不停地敲击着钢轨顶面，从声音的脆、钝上进一步辨别钢轨有无伤损。

高山里作业难度比地面上难度更大，山里气温低，时常低至零度以下，水一滴到钢轨面就易结冰，给推行造成了阻力，轨面结冰，仪器容易打滑，工人必须紧紧握住仪器才能不摔下去。有时遇到长隧、大桥或半山腰，探伤工一时无法下道返回工区，工友们就会提前带好水和干粮，在山里度过野外的午餐。

90后林杰是武夷山探伤工区班长，年纪轻轻就练成了“眼看分波”“听音辨伤”的绝技。

钢轨探伤仪通过超声波反馈的波形大同小异，如何区分正常波形和伤损波形，考验的是探伤工的经验和手法。八年工作经验让林杰练就了一双“火眼金睛”，光看一眼就能分辨波形的不同。“每一条波形看似一样，其实大有乾坤。”林杰指着探伤仪显示屏两条几乎一样的波形，给记者解释到，“扫查方式不对和经验不足都会导致找不到病害位置。”

道岔扫查是钢轨探伤的其中一项，须通过1010号通用探伤仪对道岔的尖轨、叉心、翼轨和变截点等部位进行全方位扫查，每个部分都有不同的检测探头和方法，程序复杂且考验技术。

青年职工湛雄蹲着将装满机油的矿泉水瓶挤在翼轨轨面上，为仪器探伤起到耦合作用，捏着检测探头在钢轨上来回滑动，手上都沾满了油渍，一边将机油均匀抹开，一边开始探测，就好似在给钢轨做“按摩”，探伤仪上出现水平距离、深度、声程等参数，再结合尺子量取进行综合判伤。每组道岔检测程序需要30分钟，长时间蹲着作业容易脚麻。“有时候猛一起来就会头晕目眩。”湛雄说到。

为了方便携带和作业，他们还利用废旧水瓶和罐子制作成“油瓶”和“油漆罐”，替换掉笨重的桶装，减轻工友的负担。

1999年出生的湛雄于2019年参加工作，谈到这份工作他颇有成就感，自豪地说：“从零基础开始摸索，现在我也算是工区的业务骨干了。”从事探伤工作两年来，湛雄从未出过一次漏检和漏伤。

探伤工们非常宝贝他们的“吃饭家伙”，每当下雨下雪，他们想的第一件事就是给仪器遮挡，“人可以湿，仪器不能湿”是他们最常喊的口号。在他们眼里，完成每一次探伤检测任务，回家路上的旅客就多一份舒适和安全。

英斯特力仪器是一家集研发、生产及销售于一体的 影像测量仪，拉力试验机, 硬度计 ,探伤仪, 粗糙度仪, 测厚仪, 金相设备厂家, 致力于为客户提供更好的检测仪器。

Spring wuyi foothills, cloud, wind cold, the temperature is always below zero degrees Celsius, dressed in orange uniforms of the railway workers push hundred catties ultrasonic flaw detector to do check rail, become a bright light filled with green mountains, they are nanchang bureau group co., LTD. Nanping Labour wu paragraph wuyi detection work area of the inspection work.  

Feng-fu railway shuttles through the Wuyi Mountains, Bridges and tunnels account for 70% of the railway line is halfway up the mountain.  The train whizzed by, the rails under the wheels bearing thousands of tons of weight.  "Rail flaw detection worker" is like "platoon soldier", use ultrasonic instrument to detect hidden in rail internal with millimeter as a unit of fine disease, check rail hidden trouble, timely analysis of data, provide first-hand information for remediation.  

There are 18 workers in the working area, including 12 young people under the age of 35, accounting for two-thirds of the total number of workers in the working area.  Luo Jianmin, a party member foreman, is the leader of these young people. He has been engaged in flaw detection for 23 years. His total mileage has reached 40,000 kilometers, equivalent to walking once around the earth's equator, and he has never missed a single inspection.  

The operation of the day, two groups of workers divided into 13 kilometers of rail and turnout respectively for flaw detection work.  Inspection work pays attention to "slow walking and fine exploration", the implementation speed is strictly required within 2 km per hour, too fast speed is easy to miss detection.  

Summer sun, winter cold wind, high mountain wind into their pants, into their necks, but even after walking seven kilometers they were sweating.  

Every day before the operation, the workers will carry 20 kilograms of water into the instrument, as a flaw detector "coupling agent."  In long-distance operations, workers would send people to the mountains to look for water, and over time, the water sources in the mountains would be clearly identified by them.  

"Drop..."  The rail flaw detector gave an alarm, Luo Jianmin immediately became alert, staring at the waveform on the rail car display screen, took out a inspection hammer from the tool kit, bent low, ear to the rail, kept knocking on the top of the rail, from the sound of brittle, blunt to further identify whether the rail damage.  

High mountain operation is more difficult than the ground, the mountain temperature is low, often as low as below zero, a drop of water to the rail surface is easy to freeze, causing resistance to the implementation of the rail surface ice, instrument is easy to slip, workers must hold the instrument tightly to not fall down.  Sometimes, when the inspection workers are unable to return to the work area by the way of tunnel, bridge or hillside, the workers will bring water and dry food in advance and have lunch in the mountains.  

After 90 Lin Jie is the monitor of Mount Wuyishan flaw detection work area, at a young age to practice the "see wave" "listen to sound distinguish injury" tour de force.  

The waveforms fed back by ultrasonic wave of rail flaw detector are almost the same. How to distinguish normal waveforms from damage waveforms tests the experience and technique of flaw detector workers.  With eight years of work experience, Lin has developed a pair of "fire eyes and golden eyes". He can distinguish waveforms at a glance.  "Each wave looks the same, but there's a lot going on."  Lin Jie pointed to two almost identical waveforms on the flaw detector display screen and explained to the reporter, "The wrong scanning method and lack of experience will lead to the failure to find the location of the disease."  

Turnout scanning is one of the rail flaw detection, must be through 1010 general flaw detector on the turnout of the sharp rail, fork center, wing rail and variable intercept point and other parts of the omni-directional scanning, each part has different detection probe and method, the program is complex and test technology.  

Young worker cham male water bottles filled with oil squat down to squeeze on the wing rail, coupling effect for instrument detection, holding detecting probe on the rail sliding back and forth, hands are stained with grease, side will open the oil evenly, side began to detect, as if to make steel "massage", flaw detector on a horizontal distance, depth, process parameters, such as,  Then combined with the ruler measurement to judge the comprehensive injury.  Each group of turnout detection procedures need 30 minutes, long squatting operation easy feet numb.  "Sometimes it makes me dizzy."  "Cham said.  

In order to carry and work easily, they also use waste water bottles and cans to make "oil bottles" and "paint cans", replacing the heavy barrels and reducing the burden of workers.  

Cham, who was born in 1999 and joined the job in 2019, feels a sense of accomplishment. "I started from scratch and now I am the backbone of the business in the area," he says proudly.  In the past two years, Zhan Xiong has never had a single missed inspection or injury.  

When it rains or snows, the first thing they think of is to cover the instrument. "People can be wet, but the instrument can not be wet" is the slogan they often shout.  In their eyes, the completion of every flaw detection task, the passengers on the way home will be more comfortable and safe.